ladder of citizen participation - Arnstein Sherry R.

Originally published as Arnstein Sherry R. "Ladder of citizen Participation"

 

Type of participation and nonparticipation

 

Nonparticipation

 

Step. 1 Manipulation

 

Step. 2 Theraphy

 

Tokenism

 

Step. 3 Informing

 

Step. 4 Consultation

 

Step. 5 Placation

 

Citzen power

 

Step. 6 Partnership

 

Step. 7 Delegated Power

 

Step. 8 Citizne Control